Average Salary for Industry: Biotechnology Research and Development

Know the symptoms – Think T.E.S.T

Blood cancers can cause many different symptoms. Some are common across all blood cancers, others are more characteristic of particular types of blood cancer. For example, lymphomas can be characterised by swollen lymph nodes and one of the most common symptoms of myeloma is bone pain, especially in the back.
The vagueness and non-specific nature of the symptoms means that blood cancers can be hard to diagnose.
The common symptoms of blood cancers can include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Feeling weak or breathless
• Easily bruise or bleed
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Swollen stomach or abdominal discomfort
• Frequent and repeated infections
• Fever/night sweats
• Pain in bones/joints
• Itchy skin
• Bone pain (ribs/back)

If you or anybody you know is experiencing any or all of these symptoms, then we urge you to visit your GP who will refer you for further tests if they suspect you have a blood cancer.

T – Tiredness and exhaustion
E – Excessive sweating
S – Sore bones and joints
T – Terrible bruising and unusual bleeding

Development of Biopharmaceuticals

  

Development of Biopharmaceuticals

 Today, we are pleased to have a guest blog post on incremental innovation from Eric A. Utt, Ph.D., Director, Worldwide Policy for Pfizer.

When I was growing up, my father used to tell me that “everything that exists in the world now, has always been here; the difference is knowledge.” Our televisions, computers, cars, and washing machines consist of nothing more than what the earth has provided. But it took tens of thousands of years of human knowledge acquisition and invention to get to where we are today, technologically.
The invention of the light bulb, for example, did not occur in a vacuum. Thomas Edison had to rely on the previous innovation of others to develop the first experimental prototypes, proper wires, glass, making techniques and, of course, electricity, before he could develop the first commercially practical incandescent light. Edison’s other major contribution was the invention and development of the electric power grid that enabled electricity to be distributed. He had to do this in order to capitalize on his incandescent light bulb. Hence, “capitalism” is as a driving force behind these inventions.
The Edison example helps us understand how medicines are discovered and developed. Rarely is there a “eureka moment,” when a great discovery can be instantaneously translated from idea to life-saving product. There are many steps between the idea and the moment a new medicine reaches the patients who need it. That doesn’t mean that there are no true “medical breakthroughs.” It just means that those breakthroughs are often the result of years and decades of hard work.
As a microbiologist, I have an obvious interest in antibiotics. Take, for example, the drug isoniazid, which is a mainstay in the treatment of tuberculosis infections. Isoniazid was first synthesized in 1912 by chemists who were exploring the properties of nicotine, a highly addictive and poisonous substance. It was not until 1952 that isoniazid was shown to block the growth of the tuberculosis bacterium. What transpired between 1912 and 1952 can be considered a series of incremental discoveries and observations. Individually, they may seem minor but collectively, these incremental discoveries resulted in the first true anti-tuberculosis drug, giving hope to millions of patients worldwide.
While the discovery of a new and effective anti-tuberculosis drug by itself is reason enough to celebrate, the story does not end there. Little did we know that medical science was on the cusp of launching an entire new treatment paradigm for mental illness. Stay tuned for the rest of this incredible story on my next blog entry.

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Living cells are capable of performing complex computations on the environmental signals they encounter.

 

These computations can be continuous, or analogue, in nature -- the way eyes adjust to gradual changes in the light levels. They can also be digital, involving simple on or off processes, such as a cell's initiation of its own death.
Synthetic biological systems, in contrast, have tended to focus on either analogue or digital processing, limiting the range of applications for which they can be used.
But now a team of researchers at MIT has developed a technique to integrate both analogue and digital computation in living cells, allowing them to form gene circuits capable of carrying out complex processing operations.
The synthetic circuits, presented in a paper published in the journal Nature Communications, are capable of measuring the level of an analogue input, such as a particular chemical relevant to a disease, and deciding whether the level is in the right range to turn on an output, such as a drug that treats the disease.
In this way they act like electronic devices known as comparators, which take analogue input signals and convert them into a digital output, according to Timothy Lu, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of biological engineering, and head of the Synthetic Biology Group at MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics, who led the research alongside former microbiology PhD student Jacob Rubens.
"Most of the work in synthetic biology has focused on the digital approach, because [digital systems] are much easier to program," Lu says.
However, since digital systems are based on a simple binary output such as 0 or 1, performing complex computational operations requires the use of a large number of parts, which is difficult to achieve in synthetic biological systems.
"Digital is basically a way of computing in which you get intelligence out of very simple parts, because each part only does a very simple thing, but when you put them all together you get something that is very smart," Lu says. "But that requires you to be able to put many of these parts together, and the challenge in biology, at least currently, is that you can't assemble billions of transistors like you can on a piece of silicon," he says.
The mixed signal device the researchers have developed is based on multiple elements. A threshold module consists of a sensor that detects analogue levels of a particular chemical.
This threshold module controls the expression of the second component, a recombinase gene, which can in turn switch on or off a segment of DNA by inverting it, thereby converting it into a digital output.
If the concentration of the chemical reaches a certain level, the threshold module expresses the recombinase gene, causing it to flip the DNA segment. This DNA segment itself contains a gene or gene-regulatory element that then alters the expression of a desired output.
"So this is how we take an analogue input, such as a concentration of a chemical, and convert it into a 0 or 1 signal," Lu says. "And once that is done, and you have a piece of DNA that can be flipped upside down, then you can put together any of those pieces of DNA to perform digital computing," he says.
The team has already built an analogue-to-digital converter circuit that implements ternary logic, a device that will only switch on in response to either a high or low concentration range of an input, and which is capable of producing two different outputs.
In the future, the circuit could be used to detect glucose levels in the blood and respond in one of three ways depending on the concentration, he says.
"If the glucose level was too high you might want your cells to produce insulin, if the glucose was too low you might want them to make glucagon, and if it was in the middle you wouldn't want them to do anything," he says.
Similar analogue-to-digital converter circuits could also be used to detect a variety of chemicals, simply by changing the sensor, Lu says.
The researchers are investigating the idea of using analogue-to-digital converters to detect levels of inflammation in the gut caused by inflammatory bowel disease, for example, and releasing different amounts of a drug in response.
Immune cells used in cancer treatment could also be engineered to detect different environmental inputs, such as oxygen or tumor lysis levels, and vary their therapeutic activity in response.
Other research groups are also interested in using the devices for environmental applications, such as engineering cells that detect concentrations of water pollutants, Lu says.
The research team recently created a spinout company, called Synlogic, which is now attempting to use simple versions of the circuits to engineer probiotic bacteria that can treat diseases in the gut.
The company hopes to begin clinical trials of these bacteria-based treatments within the next 12 months.

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    Calanus finmarchicus

 Calanus finmarchicus, a tiny copepod that drifts in seawater, eats an even tinier organism – a type of photosynthetic plankton called Alexandrium fundyense. The problem that C. finmarchicus faces is that these plankton are poisonous, producing toxins that induce paralytic shellfish poisoning, a human illness caused by eating contaminated seafood. Although previous studies suggested that C. finmarchicus is highly tolerant of the poison, new research from University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA, shows that the copepod actually gets stressed by the toxic plankton. In lab tests, even low doses of A. fundyense negatively affected the copepod’s growth and reproduction. These findings could have implications for fisheries as C. finmarchicus is a key food source for you fish.

BioTech With MicroBio

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that can cause severe illness in immunocompromised people. As its name suggests, this microbe is resistant to several antibiotics, making it difficult to treat. How then, are we supposed to fight back? Researchers at Yale University, USA, believe they have found an answer in a pond. A bacteriophage – a type of virus that infect bacteria – that attacks MDR P. aeruginosa was discovered in Dodge Pond in Connecticut. The phage latches onto the bacteria’s cell membrane, preventing the latter from producing enzymes that prevent antibiotics from working, which then makes MDR P. aeruginosa more susceptible to drugs again.

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A World of Awesome Mind-Controlled Prostheses Is Closer Than You Think

 

Last month, DARPA announced the latest breakthrough in brain-controlled artificial limbs: a robotic arm that a user can actually feel. It works via neural implants that connect to a computer through an interface top of the user's skull, and sends singals from there to the arm telling it how to move.

This probably isn't the first time you've heard of such a thing. Over the past several years, teams around the world have devised brain-machine interfaces that make the seemingly impossible a reality. Back in 2012, the program that funded this breakthrough, Revolutionizing Prosthetics, made news when a quadriplegic with neural implants manipulated a robotic arm just by thinking about it, and an amputee felt the relative resilience of various objects with the help of electrical stimulation of his peripheral nerves. Last year, a paraplegic kicked off the FIFA World Cup in Sao Paulo with the help of an exoskeleton controlled by a computer reading signals from an electrode-studded cap. Even DIYers are getting in on the brain-controlled robot action through the open-source brain-computer interface (OpenBCI) project, which launched last year via a Kickstarter campaign.

With these spectacular successes, it seems only a matter of time before brain-controlled artificial limbs that move like natural ones and feed sensations to the brain are as commonplace as today's unconnected prosthetics. So how far are we, really, for a world of Skywalker-esque robot hands?

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20 New Biotech Breakthroughs that Will Change Medicine

                                                                       

Cancer Spit Test

Forget biopsies—a device designed by researchers at the University of California-Los Angeles detects oral cancer from a single drop of saliva. Proteins that are associated with cancer cells react with dyes on the sensor, emitting fluorescent light that can be detected with a microscope. Engineer Chih-Ming Ho notes that the same principle could be applied to make saliva-based diagnostic tests for many diseases.

 Prosthetic Feedback

One challenge of prosthetic limbs is that they're difficult to monitor. "You and I sense where our limbs are spatially without having to look at them, whereas amputees don't," says Stanford University graduate student Karlin Bark. Skin is sensitive to being stretched—it can detect even small changes in direction and intensity—so Bark is developing a device that stretches an amputee's skin near the prosthesis in ways that provide feedback about the limb's position and movement.

 Smart Contact Lens

Glaucoma, the second-leading cause of blindness, develops when pressure builds inside the eye and damages retinal cells. Contact lenses developed at the University of California-Davis contain conductive wires that continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow within the eyes of at-risk people. The lenses then relay information to a small device worn by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits it to a computer. This constant data flow will help doctors better understand the causes of the disease. Future lenses may also automatically dispense drugs in response to pressure changes.

 Speech Restorer

For people who have lost the ability to talk, a new "phonetic speech engine" from Illinois-based Ambient Corporation provides an audible voice. Developed in conjunction with Texas Instruments, the Audeo uses electrodes to detect neuronal signals traveling from the brain to the vocal cords. Patients imagine slowly sounding out words; then the quarter-size device (located in a neck brace) wirelessly transmits those impulses to a computer or cellphone, which produces speech.

Absorbable Heart Stent

Stents open arteries that have become narrowed or blocked because of coronary artery disease. Drug-eluting stents release medication that keeps the artery from narrowing again. The bio-absorbable version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois goes one step further: Unlike metal stents, it does its job and disappears. After six months the stent begins to dissolve, and after two years it's completely gone, leaving behind a healthy artery.

 Muscle Stimulator

In the time it takes for broken bones to heal, nearby muscles often atrophy from lack of use. Israeli company StimuHeal solves that problem with the MyoSpare, a battery-operated device that uses electrical stimulators—small enough to be worn underneath casts—to exercise muscles and keep them strong during recovery.

Nerve Regenerator

Nerve fibers can't grow along injured spinal cords because scar tissue gets in the way. A nanogel developed at Northwestern University eliminates that impediment. Injected as a liquid, the nanogel self-assembles into a scaffold of nanofibers. Peptides expressed in the fibers instruct stem cells that would normally form scar tissue to produce cells that encourage nerve development. The scaffold, meanwhile, supports the growth of new axons up and down the spinal cord.

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  Phd in Germany with biotechnology

Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

PhD Wood Biology and Technology

• Apr 2017
• Oct 2016

• EEA € 0 per year
• International € 0 per year

• 36 months

The intensive, research-oriented PhD programme is taught by internationally renowned scientists. This programme is open to highly qualified participants who have studied fores…

Ph. D. Carry Out Your Own PhD Project!

• Aug 2016

• International € 0 per year

• 36 months

The Hector Fellow Academy (HFA) offers fully-funded PhD positions in Germany. Outstanding young scientists can apply with their own research idea in natural sciences or engine…

Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

PhD Molecular Science and Biotechnology of Crops and Trees

• Oct 2016

• EEA € 0 per year
• International € 0 per year

• 36 months

A sustainable supply of agriculture and forestry products is of essential importance in the current context of the European Agricultural reform, the increasing amounts of land…

German-Israeli Helmholtz Research School "Frontiers in Cell Signaling and Gene Regulation" (SignGene)

PhD Positions in Haifa and Jerusalem

• Any time

• Not specified

• 36 months

The German-Israeli Helmholtz Research School Frontiers in Cell Signaling and Gene Regulation (SignGene) offers PhD Positions in Haifa and Jerusalem in Cell Signaling, Gene Reg…

Degree	Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Course language(s)	English
	Courses are held in English; participants can choose to write their Master's thesis in English or German. Lab language is partly German. Students who do not have a Bachelor's degree in Biotechnology or Biochemical Engineering will have to take additional courses in Biotechnology. These courses are in German.
Admission semester	Summer and winter semester
Beginning	Winter semester - September Summer semester - March
Programme duration	Three semesters (one and a half years)
Application deadline	Application periods: 1 June - 15 July for the following winter semester 1 December - 15 January for the following summer semester Online application on the university website during the application periods only: http://www.haw-hamburg.de/international-master
Course content	The following modules are offered: 1. Biopharmaceutical Engineering, with the course Pharmaceutical Engineering including labs 2. Purification Techniques, with lectures and a special course on this subject as well as a lecture on Good Manufacturing Practice 3. Pharmaceutical Technology, with the courses Pharmacology and Drug Development & Formulation 4. Cell Culture Systems, with lectures in Cell Culture Techniques and Hosts & Expression Systems as well as a special course in Cell Culture Techniques 5. Bioanalytics, with courses in Off-line and At-line Analytics, Biochemical Analytics and Bioassays 6. Bioprocess Automation, with lectures and a special course on this subject 7. Process Simulation, with lectures and practice in Analysis, Modelling & Simulation of Bioprocesses 8. Biopharmaceutical Research, with Laboratory Projects in Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Bioprocess Engineering and the research seminar 9. Master's thesis Soft skills are trained in the various modules and particularly in the seminar.

use for biotechnology

                                           

  The Use Bioinfo-Tech

          

Using biology to cure diseases that threaten humans, prevent crops from perishing and saving species from debilitating illnesses is all part of the game for biotechnology engineers. Without these people, many of the world’s diseases would remain untreatable and our ridiculously easy access to fresh food would most certainly be curtailed, perhaps dramatically so. By discovering and applying new biotechnology products to the problems we face, these engineers help to make all of our lives better day-by-day.
Huge pharmaceutical companies present the most opportunities for work; however, there are breweries, healthcare services, environmental departments and many other drug producers that require biotechnology engineers.
All occupations, however, are heavily focused on research and development. This involves exploring ways to improve current products and discovering new and even more progressive ones too. The biggest companies will often spend literally billions of pounds in the pursuit of creating a drug to solve a particular problem. University labs also invest heavily as they seek to solve some of the biggest problems we face.
Your aim as a biotechnology engineer is to harness biological systems as a way of producing new products. You’ll need to get into the nitty-gritty of how biological processes occur and find ways to adapt, alter, change and control how they function.

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In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.


Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.


Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

Scientists identify protein which boosts rice yield by fifty percent

June 7, 2016

Dr Tony Miller

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.
Dr Miller said:
"Now that we know this particular protein found in rice plants can greatly increase nitrogen efficiency and yields, we can begin to produce new varieties of rice and other crops. These findings bring us a significant step closer to being able to produce more of the world's food with a lower environmental impact."
This new technology has been patented by PBL, the John Innes Centre's innovation management company, and has already been licensed to 3 different companies to develop new varieties of 6 different crop species.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

Scientists identify protein which boosts rice yield by fifty percent

June 7, 2016

Dr Tony Miller

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.
Dr Miller said:
"Now that we know this particular protein found in rice plants can greatly increase nitrogen efficiency and yields, we can begin to produce new varieties of rice and other crops. These findings bring us a significant step closer to being able to produce more of the world's food with a lower environmental impact."
This new technology has been patented by PBL, the John Innes Centre's innovation management company, and has already been licensed to 3 different companies to develop new varieties of 6 different crop species.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

Scientists identify protein which boosts rice yield by fifty percent

June 7, 2016

Dr Tony Miller

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.
Dr Miller said:
"Now that we know this particular protein found in rice plants can greatly increase nitrogen efficiency and yields, we can begin to produce new varieties of rice and other crops. These findings bring us a significant step closer to being able to produce more of the world's food with a lower environmental impact."
This new technology has been patented by PBL, the John Innes Centre's innovation management company, and has already been licensed to 3 different companies to develop new varieties of 6 different crop species.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

Scientists identify protein which boosts rice yield by fifty percent

June 7, 2016

Dr Tony Miller

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.
Dr Miller said:
"Now that we know this particular protein found in rice plants can greatly increase nitrogen efficiency and yields, we can begin to produce new varieties of rice and other crops. These findings bring us a significant step closer to being able to produce more of the world's food with a lower environmental impact."
This new technology has been patented by PBL, the John Innes Centre's innovation management company, and has already been licensed to 3 different companies to develop new varieties of 6 different crop species.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

Scientists identify protein which boosts rice yield by fifty percent

June 7, 2016

Dr Tony Miller

In collaboration with researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, Dr Tony Miller from the John Innes Centre has developed rice crops with an improved ability to manage their own pH levels, enabling them to take up significantly more nitrogen, iron and phosphorous from soil and increase yield by up to 54 percent.

Rice is a major crop, feeding almost 50 percent of the world's population and has retained the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. The crop is able to thrive in flooded paddy fields - where the soggy, anaerobic conditions favour the availability of ammonium - as well as in much drier, drained soil, where increased oxygen means more nitrate is available. nitrogen fertilizer is a major cost in growing many cereal crops and its overuse has a negative environmental impact.
The nitrogen that all plants need to grow is typically available in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions in the soil, which are taken up by the plant roots. For the plant, getting the right balance of nitrate and ammonium is very important: too much ammonium and plant cells become alkaline; too much nitrate and they become acidic. Either way, upsetting the pH balance means the plant's enzymes do not work as well, affecting plant health and crop yield.
Together with the partners in Nanjing, China, Dr Miller's team has been working out how rice plants can maintain pH under these changing environments.
Rice contains a gene called OsNRT2.3, which creates a protein involved in nitrate transport. This one gene makes two slightly different versions of the protein: OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT2.3b. Following tests to determine the role of both versions of the protein, Dr Miller's team found that OsNRT2.3b is able to switch nitrate transport on or off, depending on the internal pH of the plant cell.
When this 'b' protein was overexpressed in rice plants they were better able to buffer themselves against pH changes in their environment. This enabled them to take up much more nitrogen, as well as more iron and phosphorus. These rice plants gave a much higher yield of rice grain (up to 54 percent more yield), and their nitrogen use efficiency increased by up to 40 percent.
Dr Miller said:
"Now that we know this particular protein found in rice plants can greatly increase nitrogen efficiency and yields, we can begin to produce new varieties of rice and other crops. These findings bring us a significant step closer to being able to produce more of the world's food with a lower environmental impact."
This new technology has been patented by PBL, the John Innes Centre's innovation management company, and has already been licensed to 3 different companies to develop new varieties of 6 different crop species.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-protein-boosts-rice-yield.html#jCp

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Research Scientist, Biotechnology Salary      
The average pay for a Research Scientist, Biotechnology is $79,067 per year. Most people move on to other jobs if they have more than 20 years' experience in this field. The skills that increase pay for this job the most are Mass Spectrometry, Stem Cell, and Immunology.

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Market In New Stem Cell Market Landscape

Market and Technology Analysis

 8 june , 2016

A 10,000-Foot View of the Stem Cell Market Landscape

The Various Segments that Comprise the Stem Cells Field and Their Dynamics

 

Perhaps the nearest-term impact of stem cells is in research efforts and the life sciences research field. 

Figure 1. Overall growth of the stem cells landscape

The stem cell marketplace is complex, with many distinct segments and associated application areas.  We sought to understand this marketplace by analyzing the entire stem cell publication landscape and then dissociating the publications into the various market segments.  In this manner, the contribution of the individual market segments to the total marketplace can be assessed.
The data presented in this article was collected in May 2016 and therefore reflect the current state of this evolving field.

• 

  Click Image To Enlarge +

  Figure 2A. Comparing the CAGR of the various stem cell classes

  We harvested all the data focusing on stem cells from the PubMed database and focused our attention on the period 2012 to 2016-year-to-date (2016YTD), which comprised 125,692 publications in total.  Figure 1 shows the growth of this field as measured by the number of academic publications.
  The overall compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the period 2012-2015 is 5.39%.  Given the overall growth of this field, we sought to segment out the stem cell field based on the various stem cell classes and compare the relative growth rates of the publications (by capturing the publications en bloc for a given stem cell class is a proxy for the growth of the given segment).  Figure 2A presents the data for the years 2011 to 2016-year-to-date.
  
• The data presented in Figure 2A provide a side-by-side comparison of the evolution of the stem cell field and illustrate the varying growth in the different stem cell classes.  Figure 2B presents a pictorial representation of the data with the purpose to illustrate the relative sizes of the various segments (measured by the height of the bars in Figure 2B).  Indeed, as would be expected the largest segment in the stem cells field are the hematopoietic stem cells classes given the long history of studies of this stem cell class (hematopoietic stem cell transplantations have a 40+ operating history).
  Pluripotent and mesenchymal stem cells also are relatively large market segments.  Taken together, the data from Figures 2A and 2B characterize the growth rate and relative size of the various stem cell markets respectively.
  

Cells Tap Nuclear Energy to Drive Urgent DNA Repair

The cell’s everyday energy needs are satisfied by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from mitochondria. But in extraordinary circumstances, alternative sources of ATP are available. For example, in fast-proliferating cancer cells, ATP can be generated in the cytoplasm. Because alternative ATP can be used to power cancer cells, it is in danger of getting a bad name. Alternative ATP, however, can serve useful purposes, too.
According to a new study from Spain’s Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), distressed cells can generate nuclear ATP. Such cells, if challenged by extensive DNA damage or signals of external threats, can activate an alternative ATP-generating pathway that can support emergency repairs or regulatory responses that require extensive chromatin remodeling.
The new findings appeared June 3 in the journal Science, in an article entitled, “ADP-Ribose–Derived Nuclear ATP Synthesis by NUDIX5 Is Required for Chromatin Remodeling.” The article describes how the energy needed to remodel chromatin can be derived from a source in the cell nucleus, rather than by the diffusion of ATP from the mitochondria in the cytoplasm. In particular, the article clarifies how the ATP demands imposed by urgent chromatin remodeling can be satisfied.
“We analyzed this question in the context of the massive gene regulation changes induced by progestins in breast cancer cells and found that ATP is generated in the cell nucleus via the hydrolysis of poly(ADP [adenosine diphosphate]-ribose) to ADP-ribose,” wrote the authors of the Science article. “In the presence of pyrophosphate, ADP-ribose is used by the pyrophosphatase NUDIX5 to generate nuclear ATP.”
The scientists at CRG, in collaboration with scientists from the University Pompeu Fabra, the Institute for Biomedical Research in Barcelona, and the University Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain, have described for the first time a new pathway that can generating energy within the cell nucleus and support the remodeling chromatin and the reprogramming of gene expression. These scientists have also identified the function of enzymes involved at every step of this process and how they are activated in response to stress signals.

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Systems Biology Digs Deep, Aims High

The Interconnected Systems behind Disease Processes Are Being Unraveled By Systems Biology

• 

  At Weill Cornell Medical College, the laboratory of Olivier Elemento, Ph.D., combines computational biology and systems biology to identify mechanisms of drug resistance. The laboratory uses ultrafast genome and DNA sequencing, proteomics, high-performance computing, mathematical modeling, and machine learning to characterize regulatory networks.

  Biotechnology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering share a firm foundation—a massive body of knowledge about individual cellular and subcellular components. At the same time, these disciplines are limited in the same way. They can rise only so high before they strain to accommodate whole systems and their emergent behaviors.
  To help the life sciences reach greater heights, biologists have been exploring interdisciplinary efforts. Traditional life science disciplines are being buttressed by engineering and computational and mathematical sciences. The result: a rising edifice called systems biology. It reflects how specific biological problems may be interconnected.
  “We cannot reduce disease to one or two genes. Instead, we need to look at how pathways work together and interact in cells,” says Olivier Elemento, Ph.D., associate professor of physiology and biophysics at Weill Cornell Medical College. “Only by embracing this complexity can we understand disease.”
  Dr. Elemento heads a laboratory that focuses on identifying the cellular targets of small molecules, a task of critical importance for molecular biology, pharmacology, and drug design. However, identifying the targets of small molecules is complicated by several factors, including the ability of some compounds to target multiple proteins.
  “Our strategy,” informs Dr. Elemento, “relies on using a combination of computational biology and systems biology.”
  
  
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                                     GMO

If you've shopped in a natural foods store in recent months, you've no doubt seen products bearing the label "GMO-free" or "contains only non-GMO ingredients." The acronym GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organisms, which refers to any food product that has been altered at the gene level.

     Best Global Universities for Immunology

      These universities from around the world have shown strength in producing research related to immunology, which is the study of the human body's defense system. Topics within the field include infectious diseases, autoimmunity and allergy, and therapies related to the treatment of disease. These are the world's best universities for immunology, based on their reputation and research in the field.

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Harvard University

United States Cambridge, MA

University of California--San Francisco

United States San Francisco, CA

Johns Hopkins University

United States Baltimore, MD

University of Oxford

United Kingdom Oxford

Rockefeller University

United States New York, NY

University of Washington

United States Seattle, WA

Yale University

United States New Haven, CT

Washington University in St. Louis

United States St. Louis, MO

University of Pennsylvania

United States Philadelphia, PA

Imperial College London

United Kingdom London

     

   

                    genetic engineering

      Genetic engineering is the deliberate, controlled manipulation of the genes in an organism with the intent of making that organism better in some way. This is usually done independently of the natural reproductive process. The result is a so-called genetically modified organism (GMO). To date, most of the effort in genetic engineering has been focused on agriculture.

       Proponents of genetic engineering claim that it has numerous benefits, including the production of food-bearing plants that are resistant to extreme weather and adverse climates, insect infestations, disease, molds, and fungi. In addition, it may be possible to reduce the amount of plowing necessary in the farming process, thereby saving energy and minimizing soil erosion. A major motivation is the hope of producing abundant food at low cost to reduce world hunger, both directly (by feeding GMOs to human beings) and indirectly (by feeding GMOs to livestock and fish, which can in turn be fed to humans).

        Genetic engineering carries potential dangers, such as the creation of new allergens and toxins, the evolution of new weeds and other noxious vegetation, harm to wildlife, and the creation of environments favorable to the proliferation of molds and fungi (ironically, in light of the purported advantage in that respect). Some scientists have expressed concern that new disease organisms and increased antibiotic resistance could result from the use of GMOs in the food chain.
The darkest aspect of genetic engineering is the possibility that a government or institution might undertake to enhance human beings by means of genetic engineering. Some see the possibility of using this technology to create biological weapons.

          Genetic engineering is also known as genetic modification.

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Biotechnology and its application to agriculture

 
INTRODUCTION

        Biotechnology is broadly defined as any technique that uses live organisms viz. bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, animal cells, plant cells etc. to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals or to engineer micro-organisms for specific uses. It encompasses genetic engineering, inclusive of enzyme and protein engineering plant and animal tissue culture technology, biosensors for biological monitoring, bioprocess and fermentation technology. Biotechnology is essentially and interdisciplinary are consisting of biochemistry, molecular chemistry, molecular and microbiology, genetics and immunology etc. it is concerned with upgradation of quality and also utilization of livestock and resources for the well being of both animals and plants.

         Modern biotechnology holds considerable promise to meet challenges in agricultural production.

              It makes use of life sciences, chemical sciences and engineering sciences in achieving and improving the technological applications of the capabilities of the living organism of their derivates to make products of value to man and society. It is used in living systems to develop commercial processes and products which also includes the techniques of Recombinant DNA, gene transfer, embryo manipulation, plant regeneration, cell culture, monoclonal antibodies and bio-processed engineering. These techniques can transform ideas into practical applications, viz, certain crops can be genetically altered to increase their tolerance to certain herbicides. Biotechnology can be used to develop safer vaccines against viral and bacterial diseases. It also offers new ideas and techniques applicable to agriculture and also develops a better understanding of living systems of our environment and ourselves. It has a tremendous potential fir improving crop production, animal agriculture and bio-processing.

            New approaches in biotechnology can develop high yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, improve resistance to disease and also reduce the need for fertilizer and other expensive agricultural chemicals. It could also improve forestry and its products, fibre crops and chemical feedstocks.

              Plant biotechnologies an play a key role in the massive production of improved crop varieties (through in vitro tissue culture followed by clonal propagation), as well as in their genetic improvement. They can also help in propagating plant species which contain useful and biologically active substances, eg., food additive, pigment, pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, etc. Organ tissue and cell culture could be more efficient than conventional extraction.

                    Biotechnology helps to isolate the gene, study its function and regulation, modify the gene and reintroduce it into its natural host of another organism. It help unlocking the secrets of diseases resistance, regulates growth and development or manipulates communication among cells and among other organisms.

                It is a comparatively new technique and is used in the field of agriculture and horticulture. This mainly involves manipulation in the genetic code (which includes processes like gene transfer), tissue culture, monoclonal antibody preparation protoplast fusion.

                  These processes help in increasing yield, producing better quality products both in plants and animals, increasing resistance to pests and herbicides, micro propagation in several crops etc. are some of the advantages of using biotechnological methods.

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